Minimally invasive surgical instrument to provide needle-based therapy

ABSTRACT

A minimally invasive surgical instrument includes a first mechanism including a periphery and an opening in the periphery, a second mechanism including a surface and a helical slot in the surface, a pin extending through the opening of the first mechanism and into the helical slot of the second mechanism, and a surgical device coupled to an end of the first mechanism. A first axial axis of rotation is defined for the first mechanism. A second axial axis of rotation is defined for the second mechanism. The second axial axis of rotation is coincident with the first axial axis of rotation. Rotation of the first mechanism relative to the second mechanism results in motion of the second mechanism along the second axial access of rotation relative to the first mechanism.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/943,511, filed on Apr. 2, 2018, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,188,470,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/768,313,filed on Feb. 15, 2013, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,931,167, and whichclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.61/599,300, filed on Feb. 15, 2012, each of which is herein incorporatedby reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present disclosure is related to a minimally invasive surgicalinstrument. In particular, the present disclosure is related to aminimally invasive surgical instrument for providing needle-basedtherapy including ablation therapy.

2. Discussion of Related Art

Minimally invasive surgery is known under various names (e.g.,endoscopy, laparoscopy, arthroscopy, endovascular, keyhole, etc.), oftenspecific to the anatomical area in which work is done. Such surgeryincludes the use of both hand-held andteleoperated/telemanipulated/telepresence (robot assisted/telerobotics)equipment, such as the da Vinci® Surgical System commercialized byIntuitive Surgical, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. Both diagnostic (e.g.,biopsy) and therapeutic procedures may be performed using such robotassisted equipment. Instruments may be inserted into a patientpercutaneously via surgical incision or via natural orifice. Althoughteleoperative surgery using the da Vinci® Surgical System provides greatbenefits over, for instance, many hand-held procedures, for somepatients and for some anatomical areas the da Vinci® Surgical System isunable to effectively access a surgical site. For example, the da Vinci®Surgical System may be inadequate for performing certain types ofsurgeries and therapies, including needle-based surgeries andpercutaneous procedures such as prostate focal therapy.

Prostate cancer is among the most common noncutaneous cancers inAmerican men. There are two common screening methods for prostratecancer, namely the prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) and the digitalrectal exam (DRE). The PSA test, which determines a likelihood ofprostate cancer from antigen concentrations in the blood sample, is notconclusive. In the DRE, the physician can determine whether the prostategland is enlarged or there are abnormal nodules present. In either case,needle biopsies are often recommended to determine if tumors exist andwhether or not any tumor is benign or malignant. Each year 1.5 millioncore needle biopsies are performed, yielding several hundred thousandnew cases of prostate cancer. In many cases, early detection of thecancer results in higher efficacy of the treatment methods utilized.Further, MRI-guided needle based therapies (biopsies, localized laserablations, delivery of implantable seeds utilized in low-dose-rate (LDR)permanent brachytherapy, which is a common treatment for prostratecancer, or other treatment) have been demonstrated to be successful.However, manipulation of the needle in the confined space afforded bythe typical MRI instrument has proven challenging.

What is needed is a minimally invasive surgical instrument that can beused to perform image guided needle-based therapies and surgeries.

SUMMARY

Consistent with some embodiments, a minimally invasive surgicalinstrument is provided. The surgical instrument includes a first inputmechanism having one or more axial slots formed in a periphery therein,the input mechanism coupled to a first mechanical driving mechanism, anda second input mechanism having one or more helical slots formed in asurface therein, the second input mechanism coupled to a secondmechanical driving mechanism. The instrument also includes an inserthaving one or more pins extending from a surface thereof, the insertcoupled to the first input mechanism and the second input mechanism suchthat the one or more pins extend out of the axial slots into the helicalslots, and a surgical device coupled to an end of the insert. Consistentwith some embodiments the surgical device is moved in a first degree offreedom in response to a mechanical driving force applied to both thefirst input mechanism and the second input mechanism by the first andsecond driving mechanisms, respectively, and the surgical device ismoved in a second degree of freedom in response to a mechanical drivingforce applied to the second input mechanism by the second drivingmechanism while the first input mechanism is held stationary.

Consistent with some embodiments, there is further provided a minimallyinvasive surgical instrument including a surgical device coupled to anend of a tubular insert, the insert having one or more pins extendingfrom a surface of the tubular insert and a first tubular inputmechanism, the tubular insert arranged to be concentrically within thefirst tubular input mechanism, wherein the first tubular input mechanismincludes slots formed along an axis of the first tubular input mechanismand a hole at a first end of the first tubular input mechanism, whereinthe one or more pins of the tubular insert extend through the slots andthe surgical device extends through the hole. The instrument alsoincludes a second tubular input mechanism concentrically surrounding thefirst tubular input mechanism and the tubular insert, the second tubularinput mechanism including helical slots formed in an interior wall ofthe second tubular input mechanism, the one or more pins arranged to bereceived in the helical slots, wherein the surgical device is moved in afirst degree of freedom in response to driving the first tubular inputmechanism and the second tubular input mechanism, and the surgicaldevice is moved in a second degree of freedom in response to driving thesecond tubular input mechanism while the first tubular input mechanismis held stationary.

Consistent with further embodiments, there is provided a minimallyinvasive surgical instrument that includes a first input mechanismhaving one or more axial slots formed in a periphery therein, the inputmechanism coupled to a first mechanical driving mechanism and a secondinput mechanism having one or more helical slots formed in a surfacetherein, the second input mechanism coupled to a second mechanicaldriving mechanism. The instrument also includes an insert having one ormore pins extending from a surface thereof, the insert coupled to thesecond input mechanism such that the one or more pins extend into thehelical slots and a needle coupled to an end of the insert, wherein theneedle is moved in a first degree of freedom in response to a mechanicaldriving force applied to both the first input mechanism and the secondinput mechanism by the first and second driving mechanisms,respectively, and the needle is moved in a second degree of freedom inresponse to a mechanical driving force applied to the second inputmechanism by the second driving mechanism while the first inputmechanism is held stationary.

Consistent with some embodiments, there is further provided a minimallyinvasive surgical instrument. The instrument includes a first inputmechanism coupled to a first mechanical driving mechanism and coupled toa first hollow elastic tube that is bent at a first predetermined angle.The instrument also includes a second input mechanism configured to becoaxially arranged with the first input mechanism, the second inputmechanism coupled to a second mechanical driving mechanism and coupledto a second hollow elastic tube that is bent in a second predeterminedangle and surrounded by the first hollow elastic tube. The first andsecond hollow elastic tubes are configured to straighten when the firstinput mechanism and the second input mechanism are driven with respectto each other.

These and other embodiments will be described in further detail belowwith respect to the following figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a minimally-invasive surgicalinstrument consistent with some embodiments.

FIGS. 2A-2B are illustrations of a sterile adaptor, consistent with someembodiments.

FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating an internal view of a surgicalinstrument, consistent with some embodiments.

FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating a shuttle insert of the surgicalinstrument, consistent with some embodiments.

FIG. 3C is a diagram illustrating a first input mechanism of thesurgical instrument, consistent with some embodiments.

FIG. 3D is a diagram illustrating a second input mechanism of thesurgical instrument, consistent with some embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an internal view of another embodimentof a surgical instrument, consistent with some embodiments.

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating an internal view of a surgicalinstrument, consistent with some embodiments.

FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating shapes of the first and second hollowelastic tubes and a shape of the combined tube, consistent with someembodiments.

In the drawings, elements having the same designation have the same orsimilar functions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description specific details are set forth describingcertain embodiments. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in theart that the disclosed embodiments may be practiced without some or allof these specific details. The specific embodiments presented are meantto be illustrative, but not limiting. One skilled in the art may realizeother material that, although not specifically described herein, iswithin the scope and spirit of this disclosure. Various mechanical,compositional, structural, electrical, and operational changes may bemade without departing from the spirit and scope of this description andthe claims. In some instances, well-known circuits, structures, andtechniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure theinvention.

Further, this description's terminology is not intended to limit theinvention. For example, spatially relative terms—such as “beneath”,“below”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, “proximal”, “distal”, and thelike—may be used to describe one element's or feature's relationship toanother element or feature as illustrated in the figures. Thesespatially relative terms are intended to encompass different positionsand orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to theposition and orientation shown in the figures. For example, if thedevice in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or“beneath” other elements or features would then be “above” or “over” theother elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” canencompass both positions and orientations of above and below. The devicemay be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations),and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpretedaccordingly. Likewise, descriptions of movement along and around variousaxes include various special device positions and orientations. Inaddition, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context indicatesotherwise. And, the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, and thelike specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations,elements, and/or components but do not preclude the presence or additionof one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components,and/or groups. Components described as coupled may be electrically ormechanically directly coupled, or they may be indirectly coupled via oneor more intermediate components.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a minimally-invasive surgicalinstrument consistent with some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 1,instrument 100 includes housing 102 and release levers 104. Instrument100 further includes engagement features 105 and 106. Consistent withsome embodiments, engagement features 105 and 106 may be provided tofacilitate the engagement of instrument 100 to a mechanical manipulator(not shown). The mechanical manipulator may provide a mechanical drivingforce to instrument 100 through input discs 107 and 108. Input discs 107and 108 include slots 109 for receiving tabs formed on driving discs ofthe mechanical manipulator (shown in FIG. 2A, below). Consistent withsome embodiments, the mechanical manipulator may be a component of arobotic surgical system and may further move and position instrument 100for performing surgical procedures. Such a robotic surgical system maycorrespond to a da Vinci® Surgical System, or a system such as describedin the U.S. Patent Application entitled “Compact Needle Manipulator forTargeted Interventions,” filed on Feb. 14, 2013, U.S. application Ser.No. 13/767,856, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference. Although embodiments disclosed herein are described primarilyas being used in conjunction with a robotic surgical system, instrument100 may be operated manually by an operator. Instrument 100 may be usedalong with an imaging device such as a computer tomography (CT) device,a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device, an ultrasound device, anX-ray device, or a positron emission tomography (PET) device. In suchembodiments, the imaging device may be used to provide a real-time imageof instrument 100 during surgery. Moreover, according to suchembodiments, instrument 100 may be formed of materials that areradio-opaque or do not interfere with the magnetic fields produced bythe imaging device to obtain the images. Examples of the materials thatmay be used to form instrument 100 are plastics, ceramics andnon-ferrous metals.

Instrument 100 also includes an elongated hollow tube 112 attached at adistal end thereof. Consistent with some embodiments, elongated hollowtube 112 may be a needle and, throughout this disclosure, element 112will be referred to as an elongated hollow tube and a needleinterchangeably. Consistent with some embodiments, needle 112 may beused to puncture through cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue. Alsoconsistent with some embodiments, a surgical device (not shown inFIG. 1) may be within needle 112 and may be advanced out of, andretracted into, needle 112. Surgical device 112 may be a catheter, anablation device, a biopsy or tissue sampling device, an injector, or anoptical biopsy probe, or a combination thereof. According to someembodiments, the surgical device is a catheter containing an ablationdevice. As explained in greater detail below, the surgical device may bemovable in at least two degrees of freedom, including a degree offreedom that corresponds to movement along the axis of the surgicaldevice, which may be coaxial with needle 112, and a degree of freedomthat corresponds to rotation about the axis of the surgical device 112(i.e., roll). According to some embodiments, needle 112 may also bemoved in two degrees of freedom, including a degree of freedom thatcorresponds to rotation about the axis of needle 112 (i.e., roll), and adegree of freedom that corresponds to movement along the axis of needle112. However, in accordance with some embodiments, movement of needle112 in the degree of freedom along the axis of needle 112 may befacilitated by moving instrument 100 in that degree of freedom. Themovement of instrument 100 may be performed by a not shown mechanicalmanipulator. Consistent with other embodiments, needle 112 and/or thesurgical device may also be movable in other degrees of freedom.

Instrument 100 may also be usable with a fiducial arrangement thatallows for tracking needle 112 by an imaging device, such as the CT andMRI devices described above. Such a fiducial arrangement may include abead formed on a distal end of needle 112 that is implanted with amaterial that is visible when performing a CT or MRI image. According toother embodiments, needle 112 may be used as a delivery device that canbe used to deliver implantable radiation sources utilized inbrachytherapy. According to such embodiments, needle 112 may be replacedwith a steerable stylet.

Returning to FIG. 1, instrument 100 also includes electrical connectingpins 110 at a proximal end thereof for coupling to an electricalinterface on the mechanical manipulator of the robotic surgical system.Electrical connecting pins 110 may be coupled to an internalmicroprocessor and/or memory device by a circuit board within housing102 (not shown). Consistent with some embodiments, a memory may includeDallas part No. DS 2505. The electrical pins 110 and the coupledinternal microprocessor and/or memory device are further described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,331,181, assigned to Intuitive Surgical, Inc., andhereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Electrical pins110 may communicate information about instrument 100 to the mechanicalmanipulator such as an identification number of instrument 100, anidentification of the type of surgical device, and a length of needle112. Additional information that may be communicated to the mechanicalmanipulator through electrical pins 110 may include the type and rangeof motion that instrument 100 is capable of, or that instrument 100 iscapable of imparting on needle 112 and the catheter and surgical devicewithin or how to move the mechanical manipulator to obtain desiredmotions of needle 112 and the surgical device within. Information mayalso include a status of instrument 100, which may refer to the numberof uses left of instrument 100 and/or needle 112, or an indication thatinstrument 100 and/or needle 112 is disposable, and has not been used,or has already been used and, thus, must be disposed.

Surgical instruments such as instrument 100 are typically sterilestructures, often being sterilizable and/or being provided inhermetically sealed packages for use. However, the complex servomechanism of instrument 100 and the mechanical manipulator may bedifficult and/or impossible to fully sterilize between procedures.Consequently, a sterile drape will often cover at least a portion of themanipulator structures to maintain the sterile environment around thepatient. As instrument 100 will be removed and replaced repeatedlyduring many procedures, the mechanical manipulator could potentially beexposed to contamination if the interface with instrument 100 isdirectly engaged. Consistent with some embodiments, needle 112 and/orinstrument 100 may be a single use, disposable device. As such asingle-use, disposable, sterile adaptor 200 (discussed in FIGS. 2A and2B, below) may be provided to facilitate a sterile connection betweeninstrument 100 and a mechanical manipulator. Sterile adaptor 200 mayconnect instrument 100 via engagement features 106 and electricalconnecting pins 110.

Consistent with some embodiments, instrument 100 as described herein canbe actively or passively positioned at a surgical site. Needle 112 andthe surgical device within may be inserted with one or more segments ofinstrument 100 functioning in accordance with the description below. Theinstrument 100, surgical device 112, and the surgical device within mayall be maneuvered using, e.g., image data from an imaging system at theguide probe's distal tip, real time image data from an external imagingsystem (e.g., ultrasound, fluoroscopy, MRI), preoperative image data andcomputer analysis of likely trajectory, and various combinations ofthese data.

FIGS. 2A-2B are illustrations of a sterile adaptor, consistent with someembodiments. FIG. 2A illustrates a front view of sterile adaptor 200 andFIG. 2B illustrates a back view of sterile adaptor 200. The front viewshown in FIG. 2A corresponds to a side that couples to instrument 100,and the back view shown in FIG. 2B corresponds to a side that couples toa mechanical manipulator. As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, sterile adaptor200 includes a plate 202 on an instrument side and a manipulatorengagement feature 203 on a manipulator side. Plate 202 has rotatabledriving discs 204, electrical pin receivers 206, and a first instrumentengagement feature 208 formed therein. On the back side, plate 202 alsoincludes a line of four electrical contacts 210, three of the contactstransmitting information from pins 110 of instrument 100 to the coupledmechanical manipulator, and a loopback so that the manipulator candetermine when adaptor 200 is coupled to the manipulator. Manipulatorengagement features 203 and 212 are used to couple adaptor 200 to themechanical manipulator. Sterile adaptor 200 further includes slots 214formed on a support feature 215, and a spring bar 216 on support feature215. As shown in FIG. 2A, rotatable driving discs 204 include tabs 218for resilient engagement with slots 109 formed on input discs 107 and108. As shown in FIG. 2B, rotatable driving discs 204 also include tabs220 for resilient engagement with slots formed on a mechanicalmanipulator. Consistent with some embodiments, when instrument 100 iscoupled to sterile adaptor 200, instrument 100 is positioned withinsterile adaptor 200 such that electrical pins 110 are inserted intoelectrical pin receivers 206, first engagement feature 208 is insertedinto engagement feature 105 while engagement feature 106 is insertedinto slots 214, and tabs 218 are inserted into input disc slots 109.Applying force to release levers 104 will push spring bar 216 downallowing the disengagement of instrument 100 from sterile adaptor 200.When sterile adaptor 200 is coupled to a mechanical manipulator,engagement features 203 and 212 are resiliently engaged with mechanicalmanipulator and tabs 220 are engaged into slots formed on mechanicalmanipulator. Sterile adaptor 200 may be formed of materials that do notinterfere with the magnetic fields produced by the imaging device toobtain the images. Examples of the materials that may be used to formsterile adaptor 200 are plastics, ceramics and non-ferrous metals.Sterile adaptor 200 may also be a disposable and/or single use device.

FIGS. 3A-3D are diagrams illustrating an internal view of surgicalinstrument 100, consistent with some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 3A,instrument 100 includes a shuttle insert 302 inside of a first inputmechanism 304, both of which are inside of a second input mechanism 306.Needle 112 is coupled to first input mechanism 304 and extends out ofthe distal end of instrument 100, and a catheter 307 is coupled toshuttle insert 302 and extends out of the distal end of instrument 100through first input mechanism 304, second input mechanism 306, andneedle 112. Consistent with some embodiments, a surgical device such asan ablation device, may be within catheter 307, and may be extended outof needle 112 along with catheter 307. Similarly, catheter 307 and thesurgical device may be retracted back within needle 112. Catheter 307provides protection for the surgical device as it is inserted into, andmaneuvered within, a body. Cooling fluid may also be in catheter 307 tocool the ablation or other surgical device. In one embodiment,instrument 100 comprises a 2.4 mm inch diameter needle 112 having a 1.6mm inch diameter catheter 307 within that surrounds an ablation devicefor performing needle-based ablation therapy on a prostate. According tosome embodiments, element 307 may be, instead of a catheter, a stylet ofa core biopsy or tissue sampling instrument.

Input disc 108 is coupled to drive driving gear 308 and input disc 107is coupled to drive driving gear 310. Driving gear 308 is coupled tosecond input mechanism 306 and, when input disc 108 coupled to drivinggear 308 is driven, driving gear 308 rotates second input mechanism 306.Consistent with some embodiments, the rotation of second input mechanism306 moves shuttle insert 302 and the coupled catheter 307 and surgicaldevice within in a degree of freedom that corresponds to movement alongthe axis of catheter 307. Consequently, when driving gear 310 holdsfirst input mechanism 304 stationary and driving gear 308 drives secondinput mechanism 306, catheter 307 and the enclosed surgical device maybe moved in a degree of freedom about its axis thereby insertingcatheter 307 and the surgical device into needle 112. Driving gear 310is coupled to first input mechanism 304 and, when input disc 107 coupledto driving gear 310 is driven, driving gear 310 rotates first inputmechanism 304. Consistent with some embodiments, first input mechanism304 and second input mechanism 306 act as a differential such that therotation of first input mechanism 304 assists in the movement of shuttleinsert 302 and the coupled catheter 307 in a degree of freedom thatcorresponds to rotation about the axis of surgical device 112.Accordingly, shuttle insert 302 and the coupled catheter 307, as well asneedle 112 coupled to first input mechanism 304, are moved in a degreeof freedom that corresponds to rotation about the axis of catheter 307when both driving gear 308 is driven to rotate second input mechanism306 and driving gear 310 is driven to rotate first input mechanism 304.Further, shuttle insert 302 and the coupled catheter 307, and needle112, are moved in a degree of freedom that corresponds to rotation aboutthe axis of catheter 307 while shuttle insert 302 and coupled catheter307 are also moved in a degree of freedom that corresponds to movementalong the axis of catheter 307 when driving gear 308 holds second inputmechanism 306 stationary and driving gear 310 is driven to rotate firstinput mechanism 304.

Returning to FIG. 3A, instrument 100 also includes a microprocessor 312coupled to electrical pins 110 for communicating information aboutinstrument 100 to a mechanical manipulator. Although not shown,instrument 100 may also include a memory device coupled tomicroprocessor 312 that stores information about instrument. Althoughinstrument 100 shown in FIG. 3A shows a shuttle insert 302 within afirst input mechanism 304 having axial slots 316, both of which arewithin a second input mechanism 306 having helical slots 326, thecomposition of instrument 100 is not so limited. For example, shuttleinsert 302 could be within second input mechanism 306 with helical slots326 both of which are within first input mechanism 304 having axialslots 316.

FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating shuttle insert 302, consistent withsome embodiments. As shown in FIG. 3B, shuttle insert 302 includes aplurality of pins 314 attached to an exterior surface of shuttle insert302 and catheter 307 coupled to a distal end of shuttle insert 302. FIG.3C is a diagram illustrating first input mechanism 304, consistent withsome embodiments. As shown in FIG. 3C, first input mechanism 304includes one or more axial slots 316 formed along the periphery of ashaft 318 of first input mechanism 304 such that axial slots 316 extendalong on axis of first input mechanism 304. Although not shown, in FIG.3C, one or more identical axial slots 316 may be formed on the otherside of first input mechanism 304. Consistent with some embodiments,pins 314 formed on shuttle insert may extend through axial slots 316.First input mechanism 304 also includes a circular toothed gear 320formed at a distal end of first input mechanism 304. As shown in FIG.3A, circular toothed gear 320 is coupled to driving gear 310 such thatwhen driving gear 310 is driven, first input mechanism 304 is rotated.First input mechanism 304 also includes a distal hole 322 formed at thedistal end of shaft 318 and a proximal hole 323 formed at a proximal endof shaft 318. Consistent with some embodiments, needle 112 is coupled tofirst input mechanism 304 at the distal end and distal hole 322 mayinclude features for coupling, securing, and/or fastening needle 112thereto. Moreover, catheter 307 coupled to shuttle insert 302 may extendout of proximal hole 323 and out of the proximal end of instrument 100to the coupled mechanical manipulator.

FIG. 3D is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of second inputmechanism 306, consistent with some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 3D,second input mechanism 306 includes a toothed gear 324, which, as shownin FIG. 3A, is coupled to driving gear 308. When driving gear 308 isdriven, second input mechanism 306 is rotated. Second input mechanism306 also includes a plurality of helical slots 326 formed along aninterior surface of second input mechanism 306 in a helical or corkscrewshape. Consistent with some embodiments, pins 314 of shuttle insert 302fit into helical slots 326 such that when second input mechanism 306 isdriven by driving gear 308 and first input mechanism 304 is heldstationary, second input mechanism 306 rotates while pins 314 of shuttleinsert 302 are advanced along helical slots 326. As pins 314 areadvanced along helical slots 326, shuttle insert 302 and coupledcatheter 307 is moved in a first degree of freedom, along an axis ofcatheter 307, advancing or retracting shuttle insert 302 and coupledcatheter 307.

Consistent with some embodiments, a mechanical manipulator coupled toinstrument 100 may move instrument 100 along an axis of catheter 307 ina direction opposite to the direction of an advancing shuttle insert 302and coupled catheter 307 such that catheter 307 is advanced whileinstrument 100 and needle 112 are retracted. In such embodiments, needle112 may be used to position catheter 307 and an enclosed surgical devicesuch as an ablation device, at a location within a patient. Catheter 307and the ablation device may then be advanced by driving second inputmechanism 306 while holding first input mechanism 304 stationary.Instrument 100 is simultaneously moved opposite to the catheter andablation device so that catheter and ablation device is exposed and ableto perform ablation on a targeted region within the patient. Consistentwith some embodiments, needle 112 may be attached to shuttle insert 302instead of catheter 307 allowing for movement of needle 112 in a degreeof freedom corresponding to axial movement along the axis of needle 112.Similarly, catheter 307 could be attached to first input mechanism 304to provide rotational movement of catheter 307 while catheter 307remains fixed axially. Alternatively, catheter 307 could be fixeddirectly to instrument housing.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an internal view of another embodimentof a surgical instrument. As shown in FIG. 4, instrument 400 is similarto instrument 100 shown in FIG. 3A, but needle 112 is coupled to shuttleinsert 302, and catheter 307 is coupled to first input mechanism 304.When driving gear 310 holds first input mechanism 304 stationary anddriving gear 308 drives second input mechanism 306, needle 112 may bemoved in a degree of freedom along its axis thereby providingadvancement and retraction movements of needle 112 into and out ofinstrument 400. This allows for needle 112 to be advanced to puncturecutaneous and subcutaneous tissue and then retracted leaving catheter307 beneath the tissue after instrument 100 has been positioned by ahuman or robotic surgical device at a surgical location. Moreover,shuttle insert 302 and the coupled needle 112, as well as catheter 307coupled to first input mechanism 304, are moved in a degree of freedomthat corresponds to rotation about the axis of needle 112 when bothdriving gear 308 is driven to rotate second input mechanism 306 anddriving gear 310 is driven to rotate first input mechanism 304. Further,shuttle insert 302 and needle 112, and catheter 307 are moved in adegree of freedom that corresponds to rotation about the axis of needle112 while shuttle insert 302 and needle 112 are also moved in a degreeof freedom that corresponds to movement along the axis of needle 112when driving gear 308 holds second input mechanism 306 stationary anddriving gear 310 is driven to rotate first input mechanism 304.Consequently, instrument 400 provides movement in two degrees offreedom, along the axis and rotation about the axis, for needle 112coupled to shuttle insert 302, and provides movement in a single degreeof freedom, rotation about the axis, for catheter 307 coupled to firstinput mechanism. Consistent with other embodiments, catheter 307 couldbe coupled directly to instrument housing 102 in embodiments wherecatheter 307 does not need to move in any degrees of freedom.

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating an internal view of a surgicalinstrument, consistent with some embodiments. Instrument 500 is similarto instrument 100 shown in FIG. 3A, and instrument 400 shown in FIG. 4,except that needle 112 and catheter 307 may each be replaced by a firsthollow elastic tube 502 and a second hollow elastic tube 504. Consistentwith some embodiments, hollow elastic tubes 502 and 504 could be madeout of a super elastic material and may be bent with a fixed curve alonga radial plane. For example, first hollow elastic tube 502 would becoupled to first input mechanism 506 and second hollow elastic tube 504would be coupled to second input mechanism 508. Consistent with someembodiments, first input mechanism 506 may have a similar constructionas first input mechanism 304, or a construction such as shown in FIG.5A. Similarly, second input mechanism 508 may have a similarconstruction as first input mechanism 306, or a construction such asshown in FIG. 5A.

As shown in FIG. 5A, first input mechanism 506 and second inputmechanism 508 are coaxially arranged. Input disc 108 is coupled to drivedriving gear 308 and input disc 107 is coupled to drive driving gear310. Driving gear 308 is coupled to second input mechanism 508 and, wheninput disc 108 coupled to driving gear 308 is driven, driving gear 308rotates second input mechanism 508. Driving gear 310 is coupled to firstinput mechanism 506 and, when input disc 107 coupled to driving gear 310is driven, driving gear 310 rotates first input mechanism 508. In thisembodiment, shuttle 302 would not be necessary. When first hollowelastic tube 502 and second hollow elastic tube 504 are rotated withrespect to one another by driving first input mechanism 506 and secondinput mechanism 508 as described above, the bent tubes could then bestraightened due to the deformation caused to the tubes by thecombination of bending and torsion applied by driving the first andsecond input mechanisms 506 and 508. Such embodiments could allow asurgeon to place a device, such as an ablation device or endoscopewithin the tubes, and have a 180° range of motion within a patient.

FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating shapes of the first and second hollowelastic tubes and a shape of the combined tube, consistent with someembodiments. As shown in FIG. 5B, first hollow elastic tube 502 may bebent at an angle to have a first shape, and second hollow elastic tube504 may be bent at a different or same angle to have a second shape.When first hollow elastic tube 502 and second hollow elastic tube 504are rotated with respect to one another by driving first input mechanism506 and second input mechanism 508 as described above, the bent tubescould then be straightened due to the deformation caused to the tubes bythe combination of bending and torsion applied by driving the first andsecond input mechanisms 506 and 508.

Embodiments as disclosed herein may provide a surgical instrument thatcan be used to perform needle-based and ablation therapies in patients.In particular, embodiments as disclosed herein may be used to performimage-guided focal therapies for prostate cancer. Moreover, embodimentsas disclosed provide a surgical instrument that is capable of driving asurgical instrument in at least two degrees of freedom, wherein thedriving force is provided by a robotic surgical system. The examplesprovided above are exemplary only and are not intended to be limiting.One skilled in the art may readily devise other systems consistent withthe disclosed embodiments which are intended to be within the scope ofthis disclosure. As such, the application is limited only by thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A minimally invasive surgical instrument, theinstrument comprising: a first mechanism comprising a periphery and anopening in the periphery, wherein a first axial axis of rotation isdefined for the first mechanism; a second mechanism comprising a surfaceand a helical slot in the surface, wherein a second axial axis ofrotation is defined for the second mechanism, and wherein the secondaxial axis of rotation is coincident with the first axial axis ofrotation; a pin, wherein the pin extends through the opening of thefirst mechanism and into the helical slot of the second mechanism; and asurgical device coupled to an end of the first mechanism; whereinrotation of the first mechanism relative to the second mechanism resultsin motion of the second mechanism along the second axial axis ofrotation relative to the first mechanism.
 2. The instrument of claim 1,further comprising a first driving mechanism coupled to the firstmechanism such that the first driving mechanism rotates the firstmechanism about the first axial axis of rotation.
 3. The instrument ofclaim 1, wherein the surgical device is a needle.
 4. The instrument ofclaim 3, further comprising at least one of a catheter, an injector, abiopsy probe, an optical biopsy probe, an ablation device, or a tissuesampling device, or a combination thereof extending axially through theneedle.
 5. The instrument of claim 3, wherein a catheter extends axiallythrough at least part of the needle.
 6. The instrument of claim 1,wherein the opening of the first mechanism is a slot.
 7. The instrumentof claim 1, wherein on the condition that the first and secondmechanisms rotate together about their associated axial axes ofrotation, the surgical device rotates about but does not translate alongthe first axial axis of rotation.
 8. The instrument of claim 1, whereinon the condition that the first mechanism remains stationary while thesecond mechanism rotates about the second axial axis of rotation, thesurgical device translates along and rotates about the first axial axisof rotation.
 9. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the surgical devicecomprises at least one of a mechanical biopsy probe, an optical biopsyprobe, an ablation device, and a tissue sampling device, or acombination thereof.
 10. The instrument of claim 1, further comprising:an insert; wherein: a third axial axis of rotation is defined for theinsert; the third axial axis of rotation is coincident with the firstaxial axis of rotation; and the pin extends from the insert, through theopening of the first mechanism, and into the helical slot of the secondmechanism.
 11. The instrument of claim 10, further comprising a cathetercoupled to the insert and extending axially through the insert andthrough at least part of the surgical device.
 12. The instrument ofclaim 10, further comprising a catheter extending axially through atleast part of the surgical device.
 13. The instrument of claim 10,further comprising a catheter coupled to the insert.
 14. The instrumentof claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of electric pins; and amicroprocessor coupled to the electrical pins, wherein themicroprocessor is configured to transmit information about theinstrument to an external manipulator via the electrical pins.
 15. Theinstrument of claim 14, wherein the information comprises at least oneof an identification number of the instrument, an identification of thesurgical device, a length of the surgical device, or informationdescribing how to move the first and second mechanisms to obtain desiredrotation and translation of the surgical device.
 16. The instrument ofclaim 1, further comprising an arrangement of fiducial markers, thefiducial markers configured to be identified by at least one of computertomography (CT) scanning, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning,X-ray imaging, ultrasound imaging, or positron emission topography (PET)imaging.
 17. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the helical slot isformed on an interior surface of the second mechanism.
 18. Theinstrument of claim 1, wherein the first mechanism is arrangedconcentrically within the second mechanism.
 19. The instrument of claim1, further comprising: a housing enclosing the first mechanism and thesecond mechanism; wherein the housing comprises a hole at a first end,the hole arranged to be concentric with the surgical device coupled tothe first mechanism.
 20. The instrument of claim 19, further comprisinga plurality of release levers arranged around a periphery of thehousing.